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Junkers J 1
The Junkers J 1, nicknamed the ''Blechesel'' ("Tin Donkey" or "Sheet Metal Donkey"), was the world's first practical all-metal aircraft. Built early in World War I, when aircraft designers relied largely on fabric-covered wooden structures, braced with struts and exposed rigging lines, the Junkers J 1 was a revolutionary development in aircraft design, being built and flown only 12 years after the Wright Brothers had first flown the "Flyer I" biplane in December 1903. Herr Junkers' experimental all-metal aircraft never received an official "A" nor an "E-series" monoplane designation from IdFlieg and the then-designated ''Fliegertruppe'', probably because it was primarily intended as a practical demonstration of Junkers' metal-based structural ideas, and was officially only known by its Junkers factory model number of J 1. It should not be confused with the later, armoured all-metal Junkers J 4 sesquiplane, accepted by the later ''Luftstreitkräfte'' as the Junkers J.I (using a Roman numeral).
==Background==
Hugo Junkers, who had already established his engineering credentials by the invention of a type of calorimeter and in the construction of internal combustion engines, first became interested in aviation in 1907 when a colleague named Hans Reissner, a professor at the ''Technische Hochschule'' in Aachen, approached him for assistance in aircraft construction. Five years later Reissner, with Junkers' help, began construction of his all-metal canard design, which he named the ''Ente'' ("Duck"). Junkers' firm built the flying surfaces, and radiator of Reissner's design. The problems encountered in constructing the ''Ente'' got Junkers' mind working on the problems of airframe design, and solving the problem of eliminating the then-prevalent exterior bracing from airframes. He patented the concept of the flying wing aircraft in Germany in 1910. When World War I began, he turned to military projects.
After the outbreak of World War I Hugo Junkers and his company's research institute, or ''Forschungsanstalt'', began the engineering work to realize Junkers' idea of creating aircraft designs that dispensed with drag-producing exterior bracing. His work on Reissner's ''Ente'' design had convinced him of the necessity to use metal as the main structural material, but since the apparently ideal metal alloy for aircraft construction, duralumin, had only been invented some six years earlier in Germany, and was initially prone to flaking and other undesirable characteristics when worked in sheet metal form, Junkers first all-metal aircraft designs had to use sheets of heavier electrical steel, similar to the types of ferrous sheet metals used in laminated-core AC electrical transformers.
In July 1915 the Junkers firm got its first aircraft construction contract ''No. 96/7.17 A7/L'' from the German government, to produce a two-seat all-metal aircraft with a top speed, a wing loading of 50 kg/m² (10.2 lb/ft²) and using a engine. Junkers engineers Otto Mader, head of Junkers' ''Forschungsanstalt'', and Hans Steudel, director of Junkers' structural materials and testing department, started the work on the design of what would become the Junkers J 1 in September of that year, and by November 1915, the completed J 1 was ready for initial flight testing.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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